Page 7 - Newsletter_April_2_2025

· w: Write permission
· x: Execute permission
· –: No permission set

Permissions are always in the order of read, write and execute, i.e., rwx, and then these permissions are set for
all three kinds of owners (see the ownership section) in the order of User, Group and Other.

· The file has read, write and execute permissions for the User owner. But who is this use owner of the
file? You have this info in the output of ls -l (i.e. user abhi).
· The file has read and write permissions for the Group but not execute. Which group is it? You have
the group info in the output of the command ls -l (i.e. group itsfoss).

· The file has only read permission for Other i.e. everyone that has access to the system. You don’t
need to know which other is it because ‘other’ means all the users.

-rwxrw-r-- 1 abhi itsfoss 457 Aug 10 11:55 agatha.txt
The file agatha.txt is owned by user abhi and abhi has read, write and execute permission. All the members of
group istfoss have read and write access to this file while everyone else has only read access to this file.
Note: Root user has super powers and normally, it has read, write and execute permissions to all the files,
even if you don’t see it in file permissions.

A single user may be the member of several groups but only the primary group of the user is the group owner
of a file created by the user. The primary group of a user can be found using the id command like id -gn
<username>.